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Chinglish refers to spoken or written English language that is influenced by the Chinese language.〔Jing, Xiao and Zuo, Niannian. (2006). ("Chinglish in the oral work of non-English majors" ). CELEA Journal Vol. 29, No. 4〕 Meanwhile, in Hong Kong, Macau, and Guangdong, the term "Chinglish" refers mainly to Cantonese-influenced English. This term is commonly applied to ungrammatical or nonsensical English in Chinese contexts, and may have pejorative or deprecating connotations.〔Nury Vittachi (2000) From Yinglish to sado-mastication. World Englishes 19 (3), 405–414 〕 Other terms used to describe the phenomenon include "Chinese English", "China English", and "Sinicized English".〔He, Deyuan & Li, David C.S. (2009). Language attitudes and linguistic features in the 'China English' debate. World Englishes Vol. 28, No. 1〕 The degree to which a Chinese variety of English exists or can be considered legitimate is disputed.〔Hu, Xiaoqiong. (2004). "Why China English should stand alongside British, American, and the other ‘world Englishes’." English Today. 78 (20.2). 26–33〕 ==Terminology== The English word ''Chinglish'' is a portmanteau of ''Chinese'' and ''English''. The Chinese equivalent is ''Zhōngshì Yīngyǔ'' (). Chinglish can be compared with other interlanguage varieties of English, such as Britalian (from Italian), Czenglish (from Czech), Denglisch (German), Dunglish (Dutch), Franglais (French), Greeklish (Greek), Spanglish (Spanish), Swenglish (Swedish), Hunglish (Hungarian), Heblish (Hebrew), Engrish (Japanese), Hinglish (Hindi), Konglish (Korean), Singlish (in Singapore) and Tinglish (Thai). The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines the noun and adjective. Chinglish, ''n. and a. colloq.'' (freq. ''depreciative''). Brit. /ˈtʃɪŋglɪʃ/, U.S. /ˈtʃɪŋ(g)lɪʃ/. Forms: 19– Chinglish, 19– Chenglish (). (of Chinese ''n''. and English ''n''. Compare earlier Japlish ''n''., Spanglish ''n''. Compare also Hinglish ''n.2'', Singlish ''n.2'' ) This dictionary cites the earliest recorded usage of ''Chinglish'' (noted as a jocular term) in 1957 and of ''Chinese English'' in 1857.〔Maurice Freedman (1957, 1970). (''Chinese Family and Marriage in Singapore'' ), Johnson Reprint Corp., p. 101. "The noun ‘keep’ is sometimes used in Chinese-English. () Sometimes jocularly referred to as ‘Chinglish’." S.v., ''lingua''. Matthew C. Perry and Robert Tomes (1857). (''The Americans in Japan: an abridgment of the government narrative of the U.S. expedition to Japan'' ). D. Appelton. p. 179. "Many of the women speak a little of the lingua called Chinese English, or, in the cant phrase, pigeon ."〕 Chinglish commonly refers to a mixture of English with Modern Standard Mandarin, but it occasionally refers to mixtures with Cantonese,〔("Foreign tongues: Hong Kong.(corruption of English and Chinese in Hong Kong)" ) ''The Economist'' 2 March 1996.〕 Shanghainese and Taiwanese Hokkien.〔Daniel J. Bauer, ("Chinglish a problem for teachers" ), ''The China Post'' 10 May 2009.〕 Chinglish contrasts with some related terms. Chinese Pidgin English was a lingua franca that originated in the seventeenth century. ''Zhonglish,'' a term for Chinese influenced by English, is a portmanteau of ''Zhōngwén'' (中文 "Chinese language") and "English".〔Victor Mair, ("Xinhua English and Zhonglish" ), Language Log, 4 February 2009.〕〔Victor Mair, ("Zhonglish: a high-impact ride?" ), Language Log, 13 June 2010.〕 Some peculiar Chinese English cannot be labeled Chinglish because it is grammatically correct, and Mair calls this emerging dialect "Xinhua English or New China News English", based on the Xinhua News Agency. Take for instance, this headline: "China lodges solemn representation over Japan's permission for Rebiya Kadeer's visit". This unusual English phrase literally translates the original Chinese ''tichu yanzheng jiaoshe'' (提出嚴正交涉 "lodge solemn representation"), combining ''tichu'' "put forward; raise; pose bring up", ''yanzheng'' "serious; stern; unyielding; solemn", and ''jiaoshe'' "mutual relations; negotiation; representation".〔Victor Mair, ("Protests, Complaints, and Representations" ), Language Log, 29 July 2009.〕 "Pure Chinese" is an odd English locution in a Web advertisement: "孔子學院/ CONFUCIUS INSTITUTE/ Teach you pure Chinese." This ''Kongzi Xueyuan'' (孔子學院) is Chinese for the Confucius Institute, but Mair notes that "pure Chinese" curiously implies "impure Chinese".〔Victor Mair, ("Pure Chinese?" ), Language Log, 28 August 2010.〕 One author divides Chinglish into "instrumental" and "ornamental" categories. "Instrumental Chinglish is actually intended to convey information to English speakers. Ornamental Chinglish is born of the fact that English is the lingua franca of coolness. Meaning aside, any combination of roman letters elevates a commodity – khaki pants, toilet paper, potato chips – to a higher plane of chic by suggesting that the product is geared toward an international audience."〔Abigail Lavin (2008), ("Feudal to Translate" ), ''Weekly Standard'' 31 March 2008.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chinglish」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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